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橡胶O型圈的标准试验方法

Standard Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings

测定工业用液压热装置弹性密封件相容性的建议限制的标准试验方法

Standard Test Methods for and Suggested Limits for Determining Compatibility of Elastomer Seals for Industrial Hydraulic Fluid Applications

航空航天系列 静态密封元件 O 形圈乙烯-丙烯 模制 耐磷酸酯（- 55 °C 至 107 °C） 英制系列

Aerospace series. Static seal elements O-Ring ethylene- propylene, moulded, phosphate ester resistant (- 55 °C to 107 °C). Inch series

液压流体传动和一般用途的管接头.带ISO 261米制螺纹和O形密封圈的油口和螺纹端头.轻型(L系列)螺柱端头的尺寸、设计、试验方法和要求

Connections for hydraulic fluid power and general use - Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 metric threads and O-ring sealing - Dimensions , design, test methods and requirements for light-duty (L series) stud ends

流体动力和一般用途的连接 端口和螺柱端部采用 ISO 261 公制螺纹和 O 形圈密封 外六角和内六角端口插头的尺寸、设计、测试方法和要求

Connections for fluid power and general use. Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 metric threads and O-ring sealing. Dimensions, design, test methods and requirements for external hex and internal hex port plugs

用于液压流体动力和一般用途的连接 软管接头 软管接头 带 ISO 8434-1 24° 锥形连接器端部 带 O 形圈

Connections for hydraulic fluid power and general use. Hose fittings. Hose fittings with ISO 8434-1 24° cone connector ends with O-rings

航空航天流体系统 — O 形圈，英制系列：内径和横截面、公差和尺寸 — 识别代码 第1部分：液压系统的精密公差

Aerospace fluid systems — O - rings, inch series : Inside diameters and cross sections, tolerances and size - identification codes — Part 1 : Close tolerances for hydraulic systems

航空航天流体系统 - O 形圈，英制系列：内径和横截面，公差和尺寸 - 识别代码 - 第2部分：非液压系统的标准公差

Aerospace fluid systems — O - rings, inch series : Inside diameters and cross sections, tolerances and size - identification codes — Part 2 : Standard tolerances for non - hydraulic systems

航空航天系列 O 形圈凹槽 方面

Aerospace series. O-ring grooves. Dimensions

航天 用于流体系统的螺纹密封联轴器 方面

Aerospace. Couplings, threaded and sealed, for fluid systems. Dimensions

食品和化学工业用不锈钢配件.第2部分:无菌法兰管连接件,短类型

Stainless steel fittings for the food and chemical industry - Part 2: Hygienic flanged pipe connection, short type

用于食品和化学工业卫生应用的不锈钢部件 第3部分：卡箍连接

Stainless steel components for hygienic applications in the food and the chemical industries - Part 3: Clamp connections

食品工业中卫生应用的不锈钢部件 第3部分：卡箍连接

Stainless steel components for hygienic applications in the food industry - Part 3: Clamp connections

化学和制药工业中无菌应用的不锈钢部件 第3部分：夹具连接

Stainless steel components for aseptic applications in the chemical and the pharmaceutical industries - Part 3: Clamp connections

用于输送和吸入的盲帽接头 Storz System PN 16

Blank cap couplings Storz System PN 16 for delivery and suction / Note: Date of issue 2022-11-04*Intended as replacement for DIN 14310 (1986-11), DIN 14311 (1985-04), DIN 14312 (1985-04), DIN 14313 (1989-09).

水提升用螺纹钢制提升管,DN 50至DN 200公称直径

Threaded steel rising pipes for raising of water - Nominal diameter DN 50 to DN 200

弹性体在热水中压缩形变的测量

Measuring compression set of elastomers in hot water

法兰及其连接件.PN标示法兰用垫圈的尺寸.第8部分:带槽法兰用聚酯O形密封圈

Flanges and their joints - Dimensions of gaskets for PN-designated flanges - Part 8: Polymeric O-Ring gaskets for grooved flanges; German version EN 1514-8:2004

航空航天系列.90°弯头法兰连接的流体配件 0.8mm厚管道用O型密封圈密封（草案）

Aerospace series - Fluid fittings, flanged, 90° elbowed - Sealing by O-ring for 0,8 mm thick tubes

航空航天系列 管接头 60° 球形 钛合金 TI-P64001 适配器 直型 双端 带锁紧环（草案）

Aerospace series - Pipe couplings, 60°, spherical, in titanium alloy TI-P64001, adapters, straight, double end, with locking ring

航空航天系列 管接头，60°，球形，钛合金 TI-P64001，适配器，直型，双端，带锁紧环

Aerospace series - Pipe couplings, 60°, spherical, in titanium alloy TI-P64001, adapters, straight, double end, with locking ring; German and English version EN 4510:2018

航空航天系列 - 环锁接头和减速器的安装和拆卸要求，24 锥体，压力高达 35 000 kPa (5 080 psi) - 英制系列

Aerospace series - Installation and removal requirements for Ring locked fitting and reducer, 24？ Cone up to 35 000 kPa (5 080 psi) - Inch Series; German and English version EN 4835:2018

航空航天 流体系统用螺纹和密封联轴器 尺寸 (ISO 7320:2021) 草案

Draft Document - Aerospace - Couplings, threaded and sealed, for fluid systems - Dimensions (ISO 7320:2021); Text in German and English

航空航天 用于流体系统的螺纹和密封联轴器 尺寸

Aerospace - Couplings, threaded and sealed, for fluid systems - Dimensions

真空技术 - 夹紧式快速接头的尺寸

Vacuum technology — Dimensions of clamped-type quick-release couplings

液压传动系统.O型密封圈.第1部分:内径、横截面的公差和名称代码

Fluid power systems - O-rings - Part 1: Inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances and designation codes

流体动力系统O形圈第1部分:内径、横截面、公差和命名代码修改1

Fluid power systems — O-rings — Part 1: Inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances and designation codes — Amendment 1

流体动力系统O形圈第3部分:质量验收标准 技术勘误表1

Fluid power systems — O-rings — Part 3: Quality acceptance criteria

流体动力系统 O 形圈 第5部分：工业应用弹性材料规范

Fluid power systems — O-rings — Part 5: Specification of elastomeric materials for industrial applications

用于流体动力和一般用途的连接 - ISO 261公制螺纹和O形密封圈的端口和螺柱端 - 第4部分:外部六角和内六角螺栓插头的尺寸 设计 测试方法和要求

Connections for fluid power and general use — Ports and stud ends with ISO 261 metric threads and O-ring sealing — Part 4: Dimensions, design, test methods and requirements for external hex and intern

液压传动.带分离式或一体式法兰夹和米制或英制螺纹的凸缘连接器.第2部分:压力为35 MPa至40 MPa(350 bar至400 bar)、DN 13至DN 51时使用的凸缘连接器

Hydraulic fluid power - Flange connections with split or one-piece flange clamps and metric or inch screws - Part 2: Flange connectors, ports and mounting surfaces for use at a pressure of 42 MPa (420 bar), DN 13 to DN 76

航空航天. 流体系统螺纹密封连接接头. 尺寸

Aerospace - Couplings, threaded and sealed, for fluid systems - Dimensions

道路车辆 使用石油基液压制动液的液压鼓式制动轮缸的弹性 O 形圈（最高工作温度 120 摄氏度）

Road vehicles - Elastomeric O-rings for hydraulic drum brake wheel cylinders using a petroleum base hydraulic brake fluid (service temperature 120 degrees C max.)

液压传动和通用金属管连接件.第1部分:24°锥形接头

Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use - Part 1: 24° cone connectors

O型密封圈.第4部分:抗挤压密封圈(支撑密封圈)

O-rings -- Part 4: Anti-extrusion rings (back-up rings)

O型密封圈.工业用弹性材料的适宜性

O-rings -- Suitability of elastomeric materials for industrial applications

夹紧型真空联接器的尺寸

Dimensions of clamped-type vacuum couplings

造船.单联滤油器

Shipbuilding -- Simplex oil strainers

造船.船用280K和350K承口焊接管法兰

Shipbuilding -- Ships' 280K and 350K socket welding pipe flanges

航空系列 流体接头 带法兰 90°肘形 O 型圈密封 适用于 0.8 mm 厚管材

Aerospace series - Fluid fittings, flanged, 90° elbowed - Sealing by O-ring for 0,8 mm thick tubes

液压流体动力和一般用途的连接 软管接头 第2部分：带 ISO 8434-1 24o 锥形连接端和 O 形圈的软管接头

Connections for hydraulic fluid power and general use - Hose fittings - Part 2: Hose fittings with ISO 8434-1 24o cone connector ends with O-rings

液压流体动力和一般应用的连接 - 连接软管 - 第 2 部分：带有符合 ISO 8434-1 的 24 度锥形接头和 O 形圈的软管

Connections for hydraulic transmissions and general applications - Connecting hoses - Part 2: Hoses with 24 degree cone ends and O-rings conforming to ISO 8434-1

Y19型圆形水下电连接器详细规范

Detail specification for Y19 connectors,electrical,circaular,underwater

弹性体 O 型圈的硬度测试

Hardness Testing of Elastomeric O-Rings

O型橡胶密封圈硬度测试

Hardness Testing of Elastomeric O-Rings

确定支撑环尺寸的计算 AS5781 AS5782 AS5860 AS5861

Calculations to Determine Dimensions for Backup Rings to AS5781@ AS5782@ AS5860@ AS5861

橡胶：丙烯腈-丁二烯（NBR）耐燃油 60 70 A 型硬度

Rubber: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (NBR) Fuel-Resistant 60 - 70 Type A Hardness

橡胶 氟硅橡胶 耐油和耐燃料 板材 条材 模制件 和挤压件

Rubber@ Fluorosilicone Elastomer@ Oil-and-Fuel-Resistant@ Sheets@ Strips@ Molded Parts@ and Extruded Shapes

丁腈橡胶，合成的，实心的，片材，带材和制造零件，合成耐油

Nitrile Rubber, Synthetic, Solid, Sheet, Strip and Fabricated Parts, Synthetic Oil Resistant

橡胶、氟碳弹性体、耐高温、耐流体和耐压缩形变（O 型圈，1 级，75 硬度）

Rubber, Fluorocarbon Elastomer, High Temperature, Fluid and Compression Set Resistant (O-Rings, Class 1, 75 Hardness)

耐70至80的高温流体的全氟化碳 (Ffkm) 橡胶密封环

Rings, Sealing, Perfluorocarbon (Ffkm) Rubber High Temperature Fluid Resistant 70-80

橡胶 燃油系统和特殊内燃机油系统里密封剂用氟橡胶(FKM)高温/抗流体阻尼元件/硬度85至95

Rubber: Fluorocarbon (FKM) High-Temperature/Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set /85 to 95 Hardness for Seals in Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems

橡胶：氟橡胶 (FKM) 耐高温/耐液体低压缩变形/硬度为 85 至 95 适用于燃油系统和特定发动机油系统的密封件

Rubber: Fluorocarbon (FKM) High Temperature/Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set/ 85 to 95 Hardness For Seals In Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems

橡胶：甲基乙烯基硅酮（MVQ）耐高温、低压缩永久变形 65 75 型“静态”密封件硬度 耐 500°F（260°C）

Rubber: Methyl Vinyl Silicone (MVQ) High Temperature Resistant, Low Compression Set 65 - 75 Type “A” Hardness For Seals in a Static Application - Resistant to 500 °F (260 °C)

橡胶：乙烯基甲基硅酮（VMQ）耐热空气低压缩变形，70 至 80 A 型硬度，适用于热空气系统中的密封件

Rubber: Vinyl-Methyl Silicone (VMQ) Hot Air Resistant Low Compression Set, 70 to 80 Type A Hardness for Seals in Hot Air Systems

橡胶：硅胶 [VMQ] 非耐油低压缩永久变形，A 型硬度 65 75

Rubber: Silicone [VMQ] Non-Oil Resistant Low Compression Set, 65 - 75 Type A Hardness

橡胶：丙烯腈-丁二烯（NBR）耐燃油 65 至 75 A 型硬度，用于燃油密封件

Rubber: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (NBR) Fuel Resistant 65 to 75 Type A Hardness for Seals in Fuel

丁二烯-丙烯腈(NBR)橡胶耐燃料耐低温60-70环形密封件

Rubber: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) Fuel and Low Temperature Resistant 60 - 70 Type “A” Hardness For Seals in Fuel Systems

橡胶: 氟硅橡胶(FVMQ)高温燃料和密封在燃油系统和特殊内燃机油系统里的抗油剂

Rubber: Fluorosilicone (FVMQ) High Temperature Fuel and Oil Resistant For Seals in Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems

橡胶：碳氟化合物（FKM）耐高温、耐流体、低压缩永久变形/70 至 80 A 型硬度，适用于燃油系统和特定发动机机油系统中的密封件

Rubber: Fluorocarbon (FKM) High Temperature - Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set/70 to 80 Type A Hardness For Seals in Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems

氟碳弹性体（FKM）高温/HTS 耐油/耐燃油 低压缩形变/70 至 80 硬度，低温 Tg -22°F（-30°C），用于油/燃油/特定液压系统中的密封件

Fluorocarbon Elastomer (FKM) High Temperature/HTS Oil Resistant/Fuel Resistant Low Compression Set/70 to 80 Hardness, Low Temperature Tg -22 °F (-30 °C), for Seals in Oil/Fuel/Specific Hydraulic Systems

弹性体：丁腈橡胶（NBR）合成耐油压缩密封件，65 至 75 A 型硬度，适用于发动机机油系统中的产品

Elastomer: Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Synthetic Oil Resistant Compression Seals, 65 to 75 Type A Hardness for Products in Engine Oil Systems

橡胶：乙丙橡胶 (EP) 磷酸酯 耐低温 Tg -67 °F (-55 °C) 硬度为 75 至 85 M 型 适用于液压系统密封件

Rubber: Ethylene Propylene (EP) Phosphate Ester Resistant Low Temperature Tg -67 °F (-55 °C), 75 to 85 Type M Hardness for Seals in Hydraulic Systems

橡胶：碳氟化合物弹性体（FKM）低温密封 Tg -40°F（-40°C）70 至 80 型“飞机”机油、燃油和液压系统中弹性密封件的硬度

Rubber: Fluorocarbon Elastomer (FKM) Low Temperature Sealing Tg -40 °F (-40 °C) 70 to 80 Type ‘A’ Hardness For Elastomeric Seals in Aircraft Engine Oil, Fuel and Hydraulics Systems

橡胶：氟碳弹性体（FKM）飞机发动机油、燃料和液压油 70 至 80 邵氏 A 型硬度 低温密封 Tg -47°F（-43.9°C）用于飞机发动机、燃料和液压系统中的弹性密封件

Rubber: Fluorocarbon Elastomer (FKM) Aircraft Engine Oil, Fuel and Hydraulic Fluid Resistant 70 to 80 Shore Type A Hardness Low Temperature Sealing Tg -47 °F (-43.9 °C) for Elastomeric Seals in Aircraft Engine, Fuel and Hydraulic Systems

橡胶：丁基（IIR）低压缩形变和低水分/透气性 65 至 75 A 型硬度，适用于干燥或其他需要抵抗气体和/或水蒸气渗透的系统中的密封件

Rubber: Butyl (IIR) Low Compression Set and Low Moisture/Gas Permeability 65 to 75 Type A Hardness for Seals in Desiccated or Other Systems Requiring Resistance to Gas and/or Water Vapor Permeation

橡胶：氟硅橡胶 (FVMQ) 耐发动机油/燃油 用于发动机油系统/燃油系统中的密封件

Rubber: Fluorosilicone (FVMQ), Engine Oil / Fuel-Resistant, For Seals in Engine Oil Systems/Fuel Systems

不带防挤压装置的静态径向 O 型圈密封应用的压盖设计标准和尺寸，专门用于发动机和发动机控制系统

Gland Design Criteria and Dimensions for Static Radial O-Ring Seal Applications Without Anti-Extrusion Devices Specifically for Engine and Engine Control Systems

动态径向 O 型圈密封应用的压盖设计标准和尺寸，专门用于在 1500 psi Max 下运行的发动机和发动机控制系统

Gland Design Criteria and Dimensions for Dynamic Radial O-Ring Seal Applications Specifically for Engine and Engine Control Systems Operating at 1500 psi Max

液压和气动流体动力应用中聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE或TFE)备用环的选择和应用

Selection and Application of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or TFE) Backup Rings for Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fluid Power Applications

液压和气动流体动力应用中聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 支撑环的选择和应用

Selection and Application of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Backup Rings for Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fluid Power Applications

评估燃气轮机发动机润滑油与弹性体 O 型圈的相容性

Evaluation of Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Compatibility with Elastomer O-Rings

评估燃气轮机发动机润滑油与弹性体 O 型圈的相容性

Evaluation of Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Compatibility with Elastomer O-Rings

适配器 端口连接 环锁设计 安装和拆卸

Adapters - Port Connection@ Ring Locked Design@ Installation and Removal of

联轴器，燃料，柔性，可变腔，带套圈的螺纹型

Coupling, Fuel, Flexible, Variable Cavity, Threaded Type With Ferrules

联轴器组件，液压，自密封，快速断开

Coupling Assembly, Hydraulic, Self-Sealing, Quick Disconnect

填料，预制 MS28775 O 型圈

PACKING, PREFORMED - MS28775 O-RING

由 AMS7270 丁二烯-丙烯腈（NBR）橡胶材料模制而成的 O 形圈

O-RING MOLDED FROM AMS7270 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE (NBR) RUBBER MATERIAL

接头组件 CAP 无喇叭口保护闭合 低压

FITTING ASSEMBLY@ CAP@ FLARELESS PROTECTIVE CLOSURE@ LOW PRESSURE

压盖设计、O 型圈和其他密封件

Gland Design, O-Ring and Other Seals

压盖设计：用于压缩型密封件的标称 3/8 英寸横截面

Gland Design: Nominal 3/8 Inch Cross Section for Compression-Type Seals

接头组件 24Degree Cone Flareless per AS5827 5080 psi Port Connection Port Preparation AS5550 和 AS5865 的安装和拆卸

Fitting Assembly – 24Degree Cone Flareless per AS5827@ 5080 psi@ Port Connection Port Preparation@ Installation and Removal of AS5550 and AS5865

超大号 O 型圈的航空航天尺寸标准

Aerospace Size Standard for Oversize O-Rings

接头端 BULKHEAD FLARELESS EXTRA FINE THREAD DESIGN STANDARD

FITTING END@ BULKHEAD@ FLARELESS@ EXTRA FINE THREAD@ DESIGN STANDARD

压盖设计,O型圈及其他弹性密封件,静态应用

Gland Design, O-ring and Other Elastomeric Seals, Static Applications

固定器（支撑环），液压和气动，聚四氟乙烯树脂，单圈，斜切，用于 AS5857 静态压盖

Retainers (Backup Rings), Hydraulic and Pneumatic, Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin, Single Turn, Scarf-Cut, For Use in AS5857 Static Glands

管件装配 直式 隔板 扩口 轴向挤压 液压 高达 1500 PSI

FITTING ASSEMBLY@ STRAIGHT@ BULKHEAD@ FLARELESS@ AXIALLY SWAGED@ HYDRAULIC@ UP TO 1500 PSI

质量一致性测试所需的 O 形圈尺寸

Required O-ring Sizes for Quality Conformance Testing

由 AMS7361 乙丙橡胶模压而成的用于静态应用的 O 形圈

O-RINGS MOLDED FROM AMS7361 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBER FOR STATIC APPLICATIONS

耦合组件 无螺纹 柔性 自锁 固定腔 高导电性 自粘 零件规格

Coupling Assembly, Threadless, Flexible, Self-Locking, Fixed Cavity, High Conductivity, Self-Bonding, Part Specification

静密封测试夹具和程序

Static Seal Test Fixture and Procedure

液压动力和一般用途的液压管接头的连接诊断

Connections for Fluid Power and General Use Hydraulic Couplings Diagnostic

流体动力和一般用途的连接 液压联轴器 诊断

Connections for Fluid Power and General Use - Hydraulic Couplings - Diagnostic

一般用途和流体动力连接 带 ASME B1.1 螺纹和 O 形圈密封的端口和螺柱端 第2部分：重型（S 系列）螺柱端

Connections for General Use and Fluid Power - Ports and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads and O-Ring Sealing - Part 2: Heavy-Duty (S Series) Stud Ends

通用连接和流体动力端口以及带 ASME B1.1 螺纹和 O 型圈密封的螺柱端第3部分：轻型（L 系列）螺柱端

Connections for General Use and Fluid Power Ports and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads and O-Ring Sealing Part 3: Light-Duty (L-Series) Stud Ends

用于流体动力和高压用途的连接件 带有 ISO 261 螺纹和 O 型圈密封的端口 螺柱端 和塞子 第2部分：螺柱端要求 尺寸 设计 和测试方法

Connections for Fluid Power and High Pressure Use - Ports@ Stud Ends@ and Plugs with ISO 261 Threads and O-Ring Sealing - Part 2: Stud End Requirements@ Dimensions@ Design@ and Test Methods

冷却系统互连的快速连接液力偶合器规范

Quick Connect Fluid Coupling Specification for Coolant System Interconnect

用于液压连接器的 O 型圈材料规范

Specification for O-Ring Materials Used with Hydraulic Connectors

公制FSC 5330 AMS 7267预制环形密封圈

Packing, Preformed - O-Ring Seal, AMS 7267, Metric FSC 5330

碳氟化合物(MIL-R-83485、I型）米制、预制O型密封圈的包装

PACKING, PREFORMED O-RING SEAL, FLUOROCARBON (MIL-R-83485, TYPE I), METRIC FSC 5330

公制抵押梁密封接头保护外壳盖组件

Cap Assembly, Protective Closure, Beam Seal Fitting, Low Pressure, Metric

航空航天应用的 TS49 弹性环形密封圈（O 型圈）制造和检验标准

TS49 ELASTOMERIC TOROIDAL SEALING RINGS (O-RINGS) Manufacturing & Inspection Standards for Aerospace Application

TS49-AR 技术规范编号 TS49 的修订记录

TS49-AR Amendment Record for Technical Specification No. TS49

密封元件 O型圈 防挤出环（支撑环）

Sealing elements — O-rings — Anti-extrusion rings (back-up rings)

Aerospace 系列 液压接头 带法兰的 90° 弯头 由密封环密封用于厚度为 0.8 mm 的管子

Aerospace series - Fluid fittings, flanged, 90° elbowed - Sealing by O-ring for 0,8 mm thick tubes

航空航天系列 管接头 NBR橡胶O型圈 75 IRHD 温度范围：-55 °C 至 +135 °C

Aerospace series - Pipe coupling - O-rings in rubber NBR, 75 IRHD - Temperature range: -55 °C to +135 °C

航空系列 管接头 60° 球形 钛合金 _port连接

Aerospace series - Pipe couplings, 60°, spherical, in titanium alloy - Port connection

通用和流体动力用连接件 带 ISO 263 螺纹和 O 形圈密封的端口和螺柱端 第2部分：重型（S 系列）螺柱端（ISO 11926-2:1995 IDT）

Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with ISO 263 threads and O-ring sealing - Part 2 : Heavy-duty (S series) stud ends (ISO 11926-2:1995, IDT)

航空航天系列 管道接头 60° 球形 钛合金 TI-P64001 适配器 直式 双端 带锁环

Aerospace series - Pipe couplings, 60°, spherical, in titanium alloy TI-P64001, adapters, straight, double end, with locking ring (Endorsed by Asociación Espa?ola de Normalización in September of 2018.)

流体动力和一般用途的金属管连接 第1部分：24° 锥形连接器

Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use - Part 1: 24° cone connectors (ISO 8434-1:2018, Corrected version 2018-10)

失效分析 由热应力引起的弹性体产品的缺陷

Failure analysis of defects in elastomer products caused by thermal stress